A systematic review examined brain measurements during meditation with feedback, including whether changes extended beyond training and whether mental health benefits were established.
Systematic review of brain imaging and electrical brain recording studies.2024
30-second takeaway ＋
The review reported brain-signal changes during mindfulness neurofeedback, but mental health benefits remain unestablished. For the brain imaging studies specifically, evidence that changes transferred beyond training was lacking, and inadequate controls complicated interpretation. Electrical recording studies offered the strongest evidence for changes in theta activity, without establishing a mental health benefit.
Keep in mind: Most imaging studies lacked adequate controls, limiting attribution of observed changes to neurofeedback. This abstract-based explanation cannot assess the individual studies’ methods or clinical outcomes in detail.
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Healthy adults reported less anxiety after regular slow breathing, but extending the exhale did not significantly outperform equal inhale and exhale timing.
Randomized, single-blinded trial.2023
30-second takeaway ＋
In healthy adults practising slow breathing, extending the exhale did not show a statistically significant advantage over equal inhale and exhale timing. Anxiety scores improved from baseline, while heart rate variability did not show a significant improvement. Because the comparison involved breathing patterns, it does not isolate slow breathing's benefit over no practice.
Keep in mind: This abstract-based summary compares active breathing approaches. The nonsignificant group difference does not establish equivalence, and the abstract does not report longer-term outcomes.
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Meta-analysis · J Psychiatr Res · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Clinical trial protocol · Contemp Clin Trials · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Clinical trial protocol2026
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Review · Neuroimaging Clin N Am · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Review2026
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Review · JMIR Pediatr Parent · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Review2026
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Meta-analysis · Psych J · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Meta-analysis · Curr Pharm Biotechnol · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Study protocol (title) · JMIR Res Protoc · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Study protocol (title)2026
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Randomized controlled trial · Health Technol Assess · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Randomized controlled trial2026
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Systematic review · Front Psychol · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Systematic review2026
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Systematic review · Front Med (Lausanne) · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Systematic review2026
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Meta-analysis · Worldviews Evid Based Nurs · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Meta-analysis · Worldviews Evid Based Nurs · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Meta-analysis · Eur Psychiatry · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Meta-analysis · Worldviews Evid Based Nurs · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Meta-analysis · Int J Nurs Stud · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Meta-analysis · Arch Gerontol Geriatr · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Clinical trial protocol · Front Public Health · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Clinical trial protocol2026
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Randomized controlled trial · Trials · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Randomized controlled trial2026
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Meta-analysis · BMC Med Educ · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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Randomized controlled trial · Explore (NY) · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Randomized controlled trial2026
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Meta-analysis (title) · Syst Rev · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis (title)2026
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Meta-analysis · J Med Internet Res · 2026. Source record refreshed; an explanation has not been reviewed.
Meta-analysis2026
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