Supplements

Across the included adult trials, vitamin D supplementation did not significantly lower cardiovascular event rates compared with placebo. Results for cardiovascular deaths, heart attacks and heart-attack deaths also failed to show significant benefit. These findings do not support a cardiovascular-prevention claim, while leaving uncertainty about the exact size and direction of any effect.

Keep in mind: An abstract-based reading cannot assess how dose, starting vitamin D status or follow-up length affected the findings because these details are absent. The reported uncertainty also permits effects in either direction.

This review identified sleep-related benefits in trials of L-theanine taken as a standalone supplement. However, the abstract does not quantify the improvements or show which trials supported each outcome. It cannot establish a preferred dose, demonstrate effectiveness for clinical insomnia, or support a broad safety conclusion without more detailed results.

Keep in mind: The abstract lacks trial durations, comparator details, effect estimates, and adverse-event results. It includes uncontrolled studies alongside randomized trials and calls for better research using objective sleep measurements, including in people with clinical insomnia.

Rodents given collagen peptides had lower body mass than those given placebo, alongside changes in food intake and metabolic markers. However, the review rated certainty as very low for every outcome. The results describe animals under particular dietary conditions and do not establish that collagen produces weight loss in humans.

Keep in mind: The review found moderate to high risk of bias. Abstract-only access limits examination of these weaknesses, and human effects remain largely unexplored.

The review reports improvements in egg-cell function with NMN supplementation in animal models. Its human component examined gene activity in egg cells at different maturation stages, providing biological context rather than testing whether supplementation improves fertility. The abstract supports further investigation in humans, but does not establish improvements in pregnancy or other human reproductive outcomes.

Keep in mind: This is an abstract-based account of preclinical evidence and human gene-expression analysis. Supplementation doses, study durations and detailed animal comparators were not reported, and the authors called for clinical trials.

Vitamin C applied inside the vagina was linked to more short-term cures than control conditions or metronidazole in the pooled trials. Evidence certainty was low for the control comparison and very low for the antibiotic comparison. A separate prevention trial suggested fewer recurrences after antibiotic cure, but that result also had low certainty.

Keep in mind: Only one trial examined recurrence after antibiotic cure. Most evidence concerned short follow-up, and the low certainty prevents a firm conclusion that vaginal vitamin C is better than antibiotics.

In preterm infants, higher-dose vitamin D regimens were associated with better early vitamin D status and some other outcomes. Later vitamin D status and neurodevelopment showed no statistically significant differences between dose groups. This abstract-based summary does not establish lasting benefit or an optimal dose; evidence certainty ranged from moderate to very low.

Keep in mind: The abstract omits units for blood vitamin D differences and detailed longer-term follow-up schedules. These gaps limit quantitative interpretation and assessment of whether early changes persisted in the infants studied.

Across the included trials, curcuminoids combined with piperine reduced triglycerides and total cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol on average. The LDL cholesterol result was not statistically significant. This abstract-based summary concerns blood lipid measurements; it does not show that the combination prevents cardiovascular disease or establish its place in treatment for an individual.

Keep in mind: Reported outcomes were lipid levels, without evidence here on cardiovascular events. The abstract also gives limited detail about study quality and adverse effects, leaving clinical effectiveness and safety uncertain.

The review found generally favorable links between creatine and cognition, particularly memory and attention, in mostly healthy older adults. However, most included studies estimated dietary intake from recall rather than testing supplements. The findings therefore do not establish that starting creatine improves cognition, or that the results apply to people with cognitive impairment.

Keep in mind: Study quality was rated good in 1 study, fair in 2 and poor in 3. The abstract gives no pooled effect estimate or detailed supplementation comparisons.

People using the tested broad-spectrum CBD supplement had detectable urinary CBG and CBDV after supplementation, with higher concentrations after exercise. THC and its metabolites were not detected at any sampled time. This study concerns cannabinoid detection and potential anti-doping exposure; it does not establish benefits for athletic recovery, sleep, or performance.

Keep in mind: The study tested a particular product in healthy people, and the abstract does not report whether detections crossed anti-doping decision thresholds. Detection alone should not be presented as a confirmed rule violation.

Curcumin was associated with statistically significant reductions in tumor volume and weight in the animal experiments reviewed. Adding it to chemotherapy also reduced these measurements compared with chemotherapy alone. These findings concern experimental cancer models, and the authors explicitly state that clinical trials are needed before effectiveness in humans can be evaluated.

Keep in mind: The abstract provides no pooled effect sizes, confidence intervals or detailed control conditions. It also does not report human outcomes, so it cannot establish clinical benefit or a suitable treatment approach for people.

Women assigned to the probiotic had lower adjusted odds of urinary infection than those assigned to placebo. Quality-of-life scores also differed between groups, although the abstract does not state the direction or size of those differences. Breastfeeding performance and infant growth showed no statistically significant differences, leaving those outcomes uncertain.

Keep in mind: This abstract-based account cannot resolve the timing discrepancy: urine cultures are described at intervention completion, but the infection result refers to follow-up afterward. Absolute infection counts and adverse-effect results are absent.

The abstract reports better reaction-time results, higher frontal brain creatine, and favorable blood-lipid changes with medium-dose creatine hydrochloride compared with placebo. Its mood-swing result was not statistically significant. The small trial does not establish broad cognitive benefits, and the reported results do not demonstrate that this dose is superior to the other active formulations.

Keep in mind: This abstract-based summary omits the reaction-time and brain-creatine percentages because their group ordering and interpretation are unclear. The abstract also provides limited results for the other active groups.

A pooled subgroup analysis found statistically significant improvements in cognition, daily activities and overall clinical ratings with a proprietary ginkgo extract compared with placebo. Participants had mild to moderate dementia and a previous cerebral infarction confirmed on brain imaging. The findings need confirmation in trials designed specifically for this patient group.

Keep in mind: The abstract reports significance tests without effect sizes, confidence intervals or treatment duration. Because this was a subgroup analysis of existing trials, it leaves uncertainty about the size and relevance of the reported benefits.

The trial did not establish that creatine prevents injuries in amateur soccer players. Although fewer injuries and missed training sessions were reported with creatine, neither difference reached statistical significance. Some strength measures and jump height improved relative to placebo, but those performance changes cannot substitute for evidence of an injury-prevention benefit.

Keep in mind: This abstract-based summary is limited by the pilot's small size, a wide confidence interval for injury risk, and conflicting participant totals in the methods and results. The injury estimate remains compatible with substantially different effects.

Beetroot juice improved early jump and power measures compared with placebo after a specialized warm-up. That advantage did not persist: placebo produced greater velocity-derived jump height at a later assessment, and neither condition showed a benefit at the final assessment. The findings concern brief performance tests in elite male players.

Keep in mind: The trial involved a small, specialized group using a specific exercise protocol. The abstract gives no numerical between-condition differences, and these short-lived test results do not establish benefits during basketball games.

Based on the abstract, alpha-lipoic acid improved selected vascular measurements and an inflammation marker compared with placebo in people who had recently experienced a stroke. Other inflammatory markers showed no statistically significant differences. These are marker outcomes, so the results do not establish that supplementation prevents another stroke or other cardiovascular events.

Keep in mind: Only marker outcomes are reported. The abstract omits effect sizes, confidence intervals and adverse-event results, limiting assessment of the magnitude and safety of any changes.

Creatine was associated with better repetition performance and lifting velocity during bench press and back squat testing. Some jump-performance and soreness measures also favored creatine, but heart-rate findings varied with intensity. This small, brief trial supports a signal for short-term performance benefits in trained men, while leaving their size in everyday training and their durability uncertain.

Keep in mind: The abstract does not report how many extra repetitions participants completed. This abstract-based assessment covers a small, brief trial in trained men, leaving sustained training benefits and relevance to other groups uncertain.

Across the included trials, probiotic supplementation was associated with increases in markers of bone formation and decreases in markers of bone breakdown. These laboratory results address bone turnover, the review's main question. They do not demonstrate fewer fractures or establish which probiotic product offers a meaningful health benefit for people with osteoporosis.

Keep in mind: This abstract-based account lacks control-group details and evidence-certainty ratings. The authors call for longer trials and research on individual strains before clinical usefulness can be confirmed.

For adults with depression who were not taking psychotropic medication, the main analysis found a small average symptom improvement with probiotics compared with placebo. However, analyses excluding industry-funded studies or those using additional agents did not retain statistical significance. The findings therefore depend on which studies are included and remain uncertain.

Keep in mind: This abstract-based summary concerns a small, varied evidence base. Possible funding-related bias and additional agents complicate the claim about probiotics alone; treatment duration is not reported.

The pooled trials reported lower depression scores with Soyo-san combined with antidepressants, alongside improvements in some recovery measures. However, the reviewers rated the evidence as low to very low certainty. That leaves substantial uncertainty about the apparent benefits and does not establish the combination as a reliable treatment option for depression after stroke.

Keep in mind: The abstract reports substantial inconsistency in depression-score results and low to very low evidence certainty. It does not describe treatment duration or provide numerical adverse-event comparisons.

The review found some improvements in visual function and fatigue with nutritional supplements, but no consistent clinically meaningful reduction in myopia progression. A pediatric trial reported slightly less eye elongation, an outcome related to eye growth. That isolated result does not establish a reliable effect across the different supplements and populations studied.

Keep in mind: Trials were generally small, short and varied in their methods and supplements. The abstract provides no numerical effect estimates, making the size and durability of the reported changes difficult to assess.

The review reported lower fasting and after-meal blood glucose with fenugreek, alongside lower HbA1c and insulin values. The insulin-resistance measure did not show a statistically significant effect. These findings concern laboratory outcomes. Because the abstract omits key trial details and contains inconsistent numerical reporting, it offers limited support for judging clinical usefulness.

Keep in mind: The abstract's insulin-resistance point estimate falls outside its stated confidence interval. Participant characteristics, control treatments and trial durations are also missing, preventing a reliable assessment of whom the findings apply to.

Among pregnant women with preeclampsia, the multivitamin group had lower urine protein and fewer reported cases of bleeding after birth, low birth weight and newborn intensive care admission than the magnesium-only group. Blood pressure showed no statistically significant difference between groups. These results concern the clinical treatment setting studied.

Keep in mind: The abstract does not report blinding, multivitamin ingredient amounts or how long maternal and newborn outcomes were tracked. This abstract-based summary cannot establish which ingredient contributed to the differences.

Among people with chronic coronary artery disease, this secondary analysis reported changes in blood fatty acids and markers related to oxidative stress after beetroot capsules, with additional changes in a beetroot–vitamin C group. Because the abstract leaves the reference comparisons unclear, it does not establish how either supplement performed against placebo or against each other.

Keep in mind: The abstract does not clarify whether reported changes are within-group or placebo-adjusted. It also omits doses and does not report patient outcomes, limiting conclusions about clinical benefit or the added value of vitamin C.